Ware, J.E., & Sherbourne, C.D. Regarding the remainder of covariates in the model, those selecting the race category American Indian or Alaska Native were significantly less likely to be willing to accept navigation assistance compared with those selecting the race category White only (aOR, 0.6, 95% CI, 0.5-0.8, P.01). However, remote screening and referral for social needs could be both alienating and restricting for patients who prefer in-person health care interactions,27,28 those with less technological literacy or access,29,30 or those with limited English proficiency.31 Regardless, many health care organizations necessarily shifted from in-person to remote interventions for social needs during the COVID-19 pandemic3234 and now must consider the merits of continuing with that approach versus returning to in-person strategies when it comes to working collaboratively with patients to address the social needs that they disclose. Is reading important in reading-readiness programs? Reducing the number of false positives identified students with scores below the cutoff who would eventually become good readers even without any additional help is a serious concern. Although remote screening offers a potentially more practical alternative to traditional in-person screening, there is concern that screening patients remotely could adversely affect patient engagement, including interest in accepting social needs navigation. (2019). Participants were also excluded from analyses if they came from clinical delivery sites in which there were <10 participants or in which 100% of participants were either willing or unwilling to accept navigation assistance (see Appendix 1 for demographics of included vs excluded beneficiaries). Pediatrics, 64(4), 442-450.https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.64.4.442. Advancing psychology to benefit society and improve lives, http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004, http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.16.2.120, http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014662167700100306, http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000510, Measurement Instrument Database for the Social Sciences: CES-D, https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-8510(90)90421-9, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-8510(96)00822-6, https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s40258-017-0310-5, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2010.12.007, A Rating Scale for Depression (PDF, 1.3MB), https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1986.tb02723.x, ScienceDirect: Montgomery-sberg Depression Rating Scale, http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.2.2.156, MHS Assessments: Social Problem-Solving Inventory, https://doi.org/10.1080/00207411.1978.11448806, http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13034-015-0089-9, ASEBA: Brief Description of the Child Behavior Checklist (PDF, 71KB), https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-014-0038-x, Childrens Depression Inventory 2 (PDF, 904KB), Western Psychological Services Publishing, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13607860903421052, The Measurement of Pessimism: The Hopelessness Scale, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(02)01866-8, The 16-Item Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS), Clinician Rating (QIDS-C), and Self-Report (QIDS-SR): A Psychometric Evaluation In Patients With Chronic Major Depression, http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.282.18.1737, http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2005.07.003, APA: Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9 & PHQ-2), http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronj/48.5.P256, https://doi.org/10.1080/13607860903167820, Construction and Validation of the Reminiscence Functions Scale, http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005650-199206000-00002, Rand Corporation: 36-Item Short Form Survey (SF-36), 36-Item Short Form Survey Instrument (SF-36) (electronic), https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1976.01770090101010, MHS Assessments: Social Adjustment Scale-Self Report, http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020764005057391, The Social Functioning Questionnaire: A Rapid and Robust Measure of Perceived Functioning, Social Functioning Questionnaire (PDF, 345KB), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-3956(82)90033-4, http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000008, Encyclopedia of Mental Disorders: Geriatric Depression Scale, http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronj/16.2.134, Pricing varies and can be purchased through, The GDS is in the public domain and no permission is required for use. Unfortunately, efficient screening measures for expressive and receptive vocabulary are in their infancy. A student may stay in one tier because the instructional match and learning trajectory is appropriate. Screening can be a very valuable early tool to help struggling readers or those who are likely to struggle in the future. Assessment is a process of collecting information. Kindergarten screening batteries should include measures assessing letter knowledge, phonemic awareness, and expressive and receptive vocabulary (Jenkins and O'Connor, 2002; McCardle et al., 2001; O'Connor and Jenkins, 1999; Scarborough, 1998a; Torgesen, 2002). Timonium, MD: York Press. Nunnally (1978). Remote screening, particularly through low-tech telephone calls or text messages, could also be advantageous in terms of reaching patients who face barriers to in-person visits or videoconferencing.60-62 Of course, findings from the present study could be more reflective of how ORPRN implemented remote screening for social needs versus the remote aspect, by itself. First, there were likely unmeasured drop-off points in patient engagement that resulted in nonresponse bias. The contents are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of, nor an endorsement by, CMS/HHS, AHRQ/HHS, or the US government. In the next figure two patients again have identical biologic onset and detectable pre-clinical phases. Copyright 2023 National Center on Improving Literacy. Nationally, 32 bridge organizations across 25 states were originally selected to implement the AHC model.40. These measures rely on patient self-reports and are widely used for routine monitoring and assessment of care outcomes in the adult population. For that reason, we recommend the use of two screening measures at each juncture. (2006)). We do not capture any email address. Even if a test accurately and efficiently identifies people with pre-clinical disease, its effectiveness is ultimately measured by its ability to reduce morbidity and mortality of the disease. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Evaluation and Regional Assistance, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Scientific Studies of Reading, 3(2), 159-197. Real questions from parents and educators, answered by experts. This update provides information to parents on how to interpret three common types of assessment their child takes: classroom, district and school interim, and state annual assessments. Early detection of a condition can lead to more successful therapy. For both health care organizations considering a return to in-person social needs screening following the COVID-19 pandemic and those weighing the merits of in-person versus remote approaches, our results indicate a consideration for the benefits of remote screening outside of a clinical visit, especially for populations with inequitable access to in-person health care. It includes 20 self-report items, scored on a 4-point scale, which measure major dimensions of depression experienced in the past week. So, what can you do? Nowadays, instead of metallic shields it is more common to use various types of textile materials with the addition of special ingredients. This is the Ahead of Print version of the article. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronj/48.5.P256, Robitaille, A., Cappeliez, P., Coulombe, D., & Webster, J.D. We have more than 5,000 books in our library! Fuchs, L. S., Fuchs, D., & Compton, D. L. (2004). (2010). D'Zurilla, T.J., Nezu, A.M., & Maydeu-Olivares, A. Classification accuracy is a key characteristic of screening tools. Respondents use a 4-point Likert-type scale to assess their behaviors and mood over the course of the past week. A patient may not view a social need as an immediate concern, may already be receiving help elsewhere, or may simply not want help with social needs from a health care provider.36 However, inequities could be exacerbated if there are systematic differences between those who are willing to accept versus decline support by screening mode. The opinions expressed are those of the authors and do not represent views of OESE, OSEP, or the U.S. Department of Education. An important first step to potentially resolve patients social needs is whether those who screen positive for social needs are willing to accept health carebased assistance to connect with corresponding resources.35 Multiple studies have reported discrepancies between the proportions of patients who screen positive for social needs versus those who are interested in help.35 Of course, there is nothing wrong with patients declining assistance with social needs, in and of itself. We conducted a multivariable logistic regression analysis to assess whether the screening mode (in-person; remote) modified associations between patients total number of social needs (predictor variable) and their willingness to accept help with social needs (outcome variable). There are many components that should be considered when evaluating, choosing, or using a screener. The prevention of reading difficulties. Standards for educational and psychological testing. Retrieved from: http://www.tpri.org/Documents/19981999TechnicalReport.pdf. The research reported here is funded by a grant to the National Center on Improving Literacy from the Office of Elementary and Secondary Education, in partnership with the Office of Special Education Programs (Award #: H283D210004). The table below highlights the skills most appropriate for each grade level. . Study participants were community-dwelling Medicare and Medicaid beneficiaries who participated in the AHC model in Oregon between October 17, 2018 and December 31, 2020. Copyright 2023 WETA Public Broadcasting, Visit WETA's other education websites: Start with a Book|Colorn Colorado|AdLit|LD OnLine, Author Interviews Participants were Medicare and Medicaid beneficiaries in the AHC model from October 2018 through December 2020. How well a sample in a scientific study corresponds to the population in which the studys findings will be applied. We constructed age as a 3-category variable (17; 18 to 64; 65) due to reasons corresponding to both Medicare qualification and mandatory reporting requirements in Oregon.45,46 Rurality designations came from the Oregon Office of Rural Health (urban; rural or frontier).47. By the time district-specific benchmarks are established, a year could pass before at-risk readers are identified and appropriate instructional interventions begin. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 26(1), 55-60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000008. The most definitive measure of efficacy is the difference in cause-specific mortality between those diagnosed by screening versus those diagnosed by symptoms. It takes 15 to 20 minutes to complete and score. Privacy Policy | Screening is an assessment process that helps teachers identify students who are at risk for not meeting grade-level learning goals. (1969). However, it should be cautioned that few of the samples used for validation adequately represent the U.S. population as required by the Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing. Badian, N. A. In addition, the in-person subgroup had a lower proportion of males (32% vs 38%; P=.03), a higher proportion of those who took the screening on behalf of themselves (88% vs 84%; P.01), and a higher mean age (43 vs 40) (P.01). Radloff, L.S. Screening should take place at the beginning of each school year in kindergarten through grade 2. In response to these COVID-related contextual changes, ORPRN centralized efforts for the remote screening by hiring and training health sciences students to contact beneficiaries by phone or text message, describe the AHC model, and screen consenting beneficiaries for social needs. "There is no substitute for books in the life of a child." 3. Although each school district can develop its own benchmarks or cut-points, guidelines from national databases (often available from publishers, from research literature, or on the OSEP, Progress Monitoring, and RtI websites, see National Center on Response to Intervention or National Center on Student Progress Monitoring) may be easier to adopt, particularly in the early phases of implementation. False positives lead to schools providing services to students who do not need them. How 6 organizations developed tools and processes for social determinants of health screening in primary care: an overview, Implementing social determinants of health screening at community health centers: clinician and staff perspectives, Social needs screening and referral program at a large US public hospital system, 2017, Addressing social determinants of health identified by systematic screening in a Medicaid accountable care organization: a qualitative study, Health care professionals' perspectives on universal screening of social determinants of health: a mixed-methods study, Patient perceptions of telehealth primary care video visits, Access, equity, and neutral space: telehealth beyond the pandemic, Environmental considerations for effective telehealth encounters: a narrative review and implications for best practice, Im not feeling like Im part of the conversation: patients perspectives on communicating in clinical video telehealth visits, Assessment of patient preferences for telehealth in post-COVID-19 pandemic health care, Literacy disparities in patient access and healthrelated use of Internet and mobile technologies, Disparities in digital access among American rural and urban households and implications for telemedicinebased services, Disparities in telehealth use among California patients with limited English proficiency, Trends in the use of telehealth during the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemicUnited States, JanuaryMarch 2020, Screening for health-related social needs in the emergency department: adaptability and fidelity during the COVID-19 pandemic, The National Academy of Medicine social care framework and COVID-19 care innovations. It contains 30 forced-choice yes or no questions, a format that is helpful for individuals with cognitive dysfunction. The measure includes 20 items to which participants respond with true or false. It takes five to 10 minutes to complete. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 73(5), 544-548. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1986.tb02723.x. Poznanski, E.O., & Mokros, H.B. monitoring. First, several clinical delivery sites that had been screening participants in person were no longer able to participate due to reduced staff and competing priorities. Torgesen, J. K. (2002). These instruments are relevant to the treatment of depression. Use cut-points to distinguish between students likely to obtain satisfactory and unsatisfactory reading proficiency at the end of the year without additional assistance. Hutton, J. S., Justice, L., Huang, G., Kerr, A., DeWitt, T., & Ittenbach, R. F. (2019). (1979). Gersten, R., Dimino, J., & Jayanthi, M. (2008). Conclusions: Among patients presenting with similar numbers of social needs, results indicate that type of screening mode may not adversely affect patients willingness to accept health carebased navigation for social needs. Information on universal screening and progress monitoring measures can be found at the National Center on Student Progress Monitoring or the Iris Center at Vanderbilt University. The limitations of the study are discussed with suggestions for . Funding: This project was supported by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) and the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) as part of a financial assistance award totaling $1,218,898 with 28% funded by CMS/HHS and $42,978 with 72% funded by AHRQ/HHS (Project Number 1R36HS027707-01). Suggested Approach. The panel judged the level of evidence for recommendation 1 to be moderate. The Social Functioning Questionnaire (SFQ) is a self-report tool that measures social functioning in adults over the last two weeks. Would you like to receive help from a navigator? The ordinal predictor variableparticipants total number of social needs (based on a scale of 1 to 5)originated from participants responses to the AHC model screening questions. Pinpoint the problem a struggling reader is having and discover ways to help. Lines and paragraphs break automatically. Universal screening is a critical first step in identifying students who are at risk for experiencing reading difficulties and who might need more instruction. Infographics in this series will highlight the following research: This infographic explores The Reading House (TRH), a childrens book designed to assess emergent skills in 3-4 year-old children during pediatric wellness visits. Jenkins, J. R., & O'Connor, R. E. (2002). Teaching practice and the reading growth of first-grade English learners: Validation of an observation instrument. Screening is a type of assessment that helps teachers identify students who are not meeting grade level learning goals. The Childrens Depression Inventory is a modification of the Beck Depression Inventory for adults. It takes 10 to 15 minutes to administer and score. The Social Problem-Solving Inventory-Revised (SPSI-RTM) is a self-report measure of social problem-solving strengths and weaknesses in individuals 13 years old and older. The institutional review board of Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU) approved the study, and all participants provided verbal informed consent (STUDY00018168). Copyright 2023 National Center on Improving Literacy. (2020). Candidate measures for screening at-risk students. The CDI is now on its second edition. Individual vs. group and mass screening. These measures are typically timed. But patients may have been reluctant to share such information with the clinical delivery sites, especially if they had concerns regarding how their data would be used.20 The study also lacked certain variables that may be important for patient engagement, such as participants primary language or country of origin.68 Another principal limitation was that detailed information about how clinical delivery sites implemented the AHC model in Oregon was not available. Establishing evidence-based behavioral screening practices in US schools. Across all of the participating health care settings, the frequency and consistency of screening varied based on their capacity and internal workflows. Additional versions are available, including the Teachers Report Form and Youth Self-Report (from age 11). Oral reading fluency as an indicator of reading competence: A theoretical, empirical, and historical analysis. This chart identifies screening tools by content area and rates each tool based on classification accuracy, generalizability, reliability, validity, disaggregated data for diverse populations, and efficiency. Spitzer, R.L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J.B.W., & Patient Health Questionnaire Primary Care Study Group. Kovacs, M. (1981). It often takes a significant amount of time to establish district-specific benchmarks or standards. In this interview, Dr. Compton explains the purpose of universal screening, describes how it fits into a multi-tiered intervention system, and discusses using screening to identify students at risk for reading problems and place them into appropriate interventions. Psychological Assessment, 16(2), 120-132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.16.2.120. The Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, abbreviated HDRS, HRSD or HAM-D, measures depression in individuals before, during and after treatment. Assessment is a process of collecting information. The objective is early identification, lifestyle modifications, or surveillance to lower the risk of disease or to identify it early enough to receive the best possible care. Using at least two screening measures can enhance the accuracy of the screening process; however, decision rules then become more complex. Parents and caregivers have a role in screening too! And, what are the next steps after screening? Decision rules should allow students showing adequate response to instruction at tier 2 or tier 3 to transition back into lower tiers with the support they need for continued success. Early identification of children at risk for reading disabilities: Phonological awareness and some other promising predictors. Assisting students struggling with reading: Response to Intervention and multi-tier intervention for reading in the primary grades. This remained true in a sensitivity analysis in which missing indicators were included for all variables with missing data (Appendix 2). When evaluating the quality of any screening tool, it is important to determine whether or not the assessment is biased against different groups of students. If 30 adult smartphone users are randomly sele We used 2 tests of independence to compare demographic characteristics of those screened for social needs in person versus remotely. Questions about reading, writing, dyslexia and more, Classroom StrategiesResearch-based teaching strategies, Reading Basics Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Gerontological Society of America. Create your own lists of fiction and nonfiction childrens books. From print awareness to comprehension, Reading 101 Course The instrument measures quality of life in five dimensions: mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression. We acquired the screening mode (in-person; remote) of the clinical delivery sites from ORPRN AHC model team members who inputted screening mode into a spreadsheet. Learning Disabilities Research & Practice, 16(4), 230-239. (2001). Analysis of a life satisfaction index. Clinical delivery sites spanned 24 of Oregons 36 counties and represented a wide range of organizations and settings, including federally qualified health centers, private practices, emergency departments, and health departments. Careful assessment is an important part of evidence-based practice. Rating scales to assess depression in school-aged children. Find the best apps for building literacy skills. Moreover, interpreting multiple indices can be a complex and time-consuming task. This update provides information to parents on how to interpret three common types of assessment their child takes: classroom, district and school interim, and state annual assessments. State legislation generally favors the use of universal screening within schools across grades K-2. Seventy-one percent (n = 1069) of participants were willing to accept help with social needs, overall. Medical Care, 32(1), 40-66.http://www.jstor.org/stable/3766189. Section I provides a brief overview of what is dyslexia and the importance of screening for dyslexia risk. Mather, N., White, J., & Youman, M. (2020). A randomized field trial with teachers as program implementers. All of these factors can bias the apparent benefit of screening. Administration time is between five and 15 minutes. Screening for unmet social needs: patient engagement or alienation? Archives of General Psychiatry, 4(6), 561-571. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004. Many of the instruments described below were used in the studies that served as the evidence base of the systematic reviews that undergird the guideline recommendations. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. For instance, we viewed the race variable as a proxy for racism. School Psychology Review, 24(3), 405-414. Mayes, T.L., Bernstein, I.H., Haley, C.L., Kennard, B.D., & Emslie, G.J. Because of their significant administration time, these screening measures sometimes take valuable instruction time away from the students, thereby lessening the valuable role of teacher . While the proportion of those who were willing to accept navigation was significantly higher in the remote (77%) versus in-person (63%) subgroups, this difference was likely due to a higher number and acuity of social needs among remote participants (see Table 1) in light of the COVID-19 pandemic.58 Nonetheless, whether remote or in person, the proportion of patients who were willing to accept assistance both ways fell within the higher end of what previous studies have reported35 and is an important finding given the potential impact of the AHC model on health carebased social needs screening and referral interventions nationally. Reliability of screening measures (usually reported as internal consistency reliability or Cronbach's alpha) should be at least 0.70. Why is screening for reading risk important? D'Zurilla, T.J., & Nezu, A.M. (1990). (1978). Create your own booklists from our library of 5,000 books! Therefore, or too many students are falsely . Conflict of interest: The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose. Patients Willingness to Accept Social Needs Navigation After In-Person versus Remote Screening, The Journal of the American Board of Family We assessed whether in-person versus remote screening modified associations between patients total number of self-reported social needs and their willingness to accept help with social needs. The role of instruction in learning to read: Preventing reading failure in at risk children. Yes, it can take time to understand the screening process used with your child. Watch one-on-one reading support in action with K-3 students, FAQs Pinpoint the problem a struggling reader is having and how to help, Reading Interventions As a result, too many at-risk pupils are ignored or mistakenly labeled as such, wasting critical intervention resources. Health Policy, 16(3), 199-208. https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-8510(90)90421-9, Brooks, R., & EuroQol Group (1996).EuroQol: The current state of play. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 38, 98-108. (2001). It takes five to seven minutes to complete the questionnaire. We completed analyses using Stata/IC 15.1 from January 1 to December 10, 2021. The three activities included in this tool provide building-level leadership teams and school administrators with a framework for reflecting on the implementation and quality of their universal screening programs and refining or improving screening practices. We recommend using universal screening measures to liberally identify a pool of children that, through progress monitoring methods, can be further refined to those most at risk (Compton et al. Racism affects acuity of need due to its impact on the unequal and unjust distribution of resources in society.51-53 It also can affect mistrust of health care systems due to historic and ongoing health carebased discrimination faced by those who are Black, Indigenous, and People of Color.54,55 While we conducted complete-case analyses, we also conducted sensitivity analyses with missing indicators (Appendix 2). Progress monitoring assessment? A., & Klingbeil, D. A. Reading difficulties: Classification and issues of prediction. May Ellen Chase, National Center on Response to Intervention, National Center on Student Progress Monitoring, Checklist for Using RTI to Promote Reading Achievement, Best Practice for RTI: Differentiated Reading Instruction for All Students (Tier 1), Best Practice for RTI: Intensive, Systematic Instruction for Some Students (Tier 2), Best Practice for RTI: Monitor Progress of Tier 2 Students, Best Practice for RTI: Small Group Instruction For Students Making Minimal Progress (Tier 3), Cracking the Code: How and Why Big Horn Elementary School Went All-In with Structured Literacy, Print-to-Speech and Speech-to-Print: Mapping Early Literacy, 100 Childrens Authors and Illustrators Everyone Should Know, A New Model for Teaching High-Frequency Words, 7 Great Ways to Encourage Your Child's Writing, Screening, Diagnosing, and Progress Monitoring for Fluency: The Details, Phonemic Activities for the Preschool or Elementary Classroom. If schools are responding to student performance data using decision rules, students should not get stuck. ), Proceedings of the 2006 Midwest research-to-practice conference in adult, continuing, and community education (pp. (2015). Retrieved from http://ies.ed.gov/ncee/wwc/publications/practiceguides/.