In the mid 1800s many European missionaries traveled to new countries to spread religious influences. A time of silence may follow the Lord's Prayer. The Church has 17 dioceses, 3,814 societies, 1,066 pastors, 15,920 local preachers, 24,100 Lay Leaders, many schools, an orphanage, hospitals and clinics. The traditional theologians also emphasized that as in all religious traditions, the belief and worship of the Supreme Being in ATR does not just mean the strict performance of certain rituals. The choir or congregation may sing an invitation to prayer such as one of those listed in UMH 951-52. Chairs of Districts are appointed and stationed by the Methodist Conference. ASH WEDNESDAY. See 31-32. endobj stanza 3), 454 Open My Eyes That I May See (refrain), 319 Christ Jesus Lay in Death's Strong Bands (stanza 4, sung by choir), 383 This Is a Day of New Beginnings (stanza 5), 621 Be Present at Our Table, Lord (communion), 632 Draw Us in the Spirit's Tether (last stanza), 563 Father, We Thank You (may be sung by choir with handbells), 629 You Satisfy the Hungry Heart (last stanza). All pray the Lord's Prayer, using one of the forms in UMH 270-71, 894-96. If the cup has not already been filled, the pastor should fill it at this time. 3) A bidding prayer or prayer of petition (see UMBOW 497-530). The Roots of Ghana Methodism. Joys and concerns to be included in the prayers may be expressed. Milford United Methodist Church. Stockholm: SIDA (2004): 164-179. F.L.Bartels. Or the reader may say, "Amen," and the people respond, Amen. [12], The first liturgy accepted was a 1936 version of the English liturgy. Each candidate is baptized and receives the laying on of hands individually. First Baptist . As part of this wave of missions, the Missionary Committee of the British Methodist Conference sent Rev. Las mejores ofertas para Singing the Faith: Words edition, Church New 9781848250680 Fast Free Shipping.. estn en eBay Compara precios y caractersticas de productos nuevos y usados Muchos artculos con envo gratis! The people's responses may be sung, using the musical settings in UMH 17-25. We warmly welcome you to the web-space of the Methodist Church Ghana. Sims, Kirk. The following is a sample of the kind of confession-pardon sequence used here or during the Entrance: Let us confess our sin against God and our neighbors. The Opening Prayer(s) may take any of several forms: 1) A prayer of the day may be a printed prayer such as one of the classic collects, or it may be an extemporaneous prayer. This order expands upon An Order of Sunday Worship Using the Basic Pattern on pages 3-5 of The United Methodist Hymnal in showing some of the variety that is possible within the Basic Pattern of Worship. After the Words of Assurance or Declaration of Pardon there may be a sung response such as the refrain of Grace Greater Than Our Sin (UMH 365). Discover Other Events. Sunday mornings are typically worship services. The congregation may sing Amen (see UMH 897-904), or a prayer response such as one of those listed in UMH 952, Heleluyan (UMH 78), or Remember Me (UMH 491). In the early Christian church, the liturgy centred on a ritual commemorating the Last Supper of Jesus and his disciples as recounted in the New Testament (Matt.26:30). After the people have been served, the Lord's table is set in order. Read more. Some congregations have their own theme song, which may be sung every Sunday here or later in the service. Pita bread is especially suited for use when the people commune by intinction (dipping the bread into the chalice). 10.7: Music: When laypersons, including older children and youth, are chosen to read the Scriptures in the service, they should be allowed time and opportunity to prepare. HU{TmP>xhQ"",(>gfgfgw6D,GQTHjm-5!mRMMOrT? The Methodist Church University, Ghana illustrated its core values and ideals with a seven piece plan: First, to avail a safe educational environment where students could utilize its programs and resources to learn a liberal and technical education to fit the needs of the country. One of those assisting may serve the pastor. Methodist evangelisation of Northern Gold Coast began in 1910. These liturgical modifications are seen not only in their worship, prayers and offerings but also in their music. [13] The first charismatic praise group arose in Kumasi: the Methodist Prayer Fellowship, which began in 1984. 11 In all services of the baptismal covenant, water should be used generously as a living sign of the abundance of God's grace, cleansing, and life-giving power. Or it may be a responsive act between leader and people, such as:Leader: The grace of the Lord Jesus Christ be with you.People: And also with you.Leader: The risen Christ is with us.People: Praise the Lord! In sociological perspective, the Christian Gospel producers and singers come from the ranks of the Pentecostal/Charismatic migrant churches, by which they are spiritually as well as financially endorsed. Congregation members note that these events bring the gift of healing and there are reports from the National Crusade organized by the Methodist Church Ghana. The Missional Relations with Methodist Church Ghana with Other Methodist Bodies. Dec. 2012, pp. See the Great Thanksgivings in A Service of Word and Table I-IV and on UMBOW 54-80. It is our custom to serve each person individually, while exchanging these or other words: [Name, ] the body of Christ, given for you. op*}d+f^4sLdn+^2ybrn11r/ H>A` 3Pk zL*+K%hp*}Q@o? Most merciful God, we confess that we have sinned against youin thought, word, and deed,by what we have done, and by what we have left undone.We have not loved you with our whole heart;we have not loved our neighbors as ourselves.We are truly sorry and we humbly repent.For the sake of your Son Jesus Christ, have mercy on us and forgive us;that we may delight in your will, and walk in your ways,to the glory of your name. y% Amen. The pastor then raises the cup, or one of the cups, in silence or with appropriate words. One or more of the scripture readings is interpreted and proclaimed. But it is also the strict commitment, to the observance of certain (written or unwritten) divinely inspired moral prescriptions or codes of ethics, promulgated by the religious authorities and enforced by sanctions. endstream endobj 317 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/Index[177 111]/Length 27/Size 288/Type/XRef/W[1 1 1]>>stream Announcements and welcoming of visitors may come either during the Gathering or at some other time early in the service, such as at the end of the Entrance. A collection of such greetings is found on 448-58 and in The Christian Year, 239-421. If the loaf is still wrapped or covered, the pastor should unwrap or uncover it before proceeding with the Great Thanksgiving but should not cut or break the bread. Sometimes the closing hymn can serve this purpose. One issue arose due to differences in ethnic backgrounds among congregants. The pastor, standing behind the Lord's table, takes the bread and cup, which have been placed on the Lord's table, and prepares them for the meal. The Methodist Church Ghana (18352005): 170th Anniversary Souvenir Brochure. Search for hymns or songs by one or more categories: This page features liturgies, produced by the Worship and Liturgy Resources Group of the Faith and Order Committee, which have been produced since the Methodist Worship Book was published. [15], The Methodist Church Ghana has placed an importance on its medical work since its construction. See the litany on 495. These events have resulted in a boost in attendance, which has contributed to member participation. Discipleship Ministries is an agency of The United Methodist Church 2023 Discipleship Ministries. Essamuah, Casely B. Genuinely Ghanaian: a History of the Methodist Church, Ghana, 1961-2000. The third of the four actions of Holy Communion, like the first, is brief and preliminary to the act that immediately follows. qTh@_ZS=cyIuYu^RRT*aPXHeup?}#(C8TJiwD;,qhYQL%I]rUM@Y(R+T)A8 @]+)~.lgp^^};):`\pZn&\jQJ )IXe4^/S&;t(>$h`_unB=6\zeHM%.kBqsFmY{nYYKm. The people's responses of adoration and acclamation are interspersed, and the prayer concludes with the people's Amen. This hymn is most appropriately corporate praise to God, centering on attributes and deeds of God that call forth gratitude and praise. The hymn may precede or follow the Greeting. Joseph Rhodes Dunwell to be the first Methodist missionary in Gold Coast. The first liturgy accepted was a 1936 version of the English liturgy . If the Confession and Pardon are placed earlier in the service, the Peace may still be observed at this time in the service. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1965, pp. stanza 3, See also in UMBOW:Prayer for Wisdom (Hymn 193)Shine on Me (Hymn 205). It is particularly effective to look directly at the person being addressed, touch each person's hand while giving the bread and cup, and if possible call each person by name. Many traditional collects can serve this double purpose and enable the service to move directly from the Opening Prayer to the reading of the Scriptures. Children, youth, and adults should hear and respond to the Proclamation of the Word. This renewing of community is a part of our entrance into congregational worship and should not be discouraged. After the first reading, a psalm or psalm portions may be sung or spoken as an Act of Praise, the people standing. The people, having been greeted in the Lord's name, may return the greeting to God with a hymn of praise. Combining research on music, cognition, and materialist theories with firsthand ethnographic data, problematic conceptions of the human body arise. While the freedom and diversity of United Methodist worship are greater than can be represented by any single order of worship, United Methodists also affirm a heritage of order and the importance of the specific guidance and modeling that an order of worship provides. It is also traditional that the bread and cup have been covered by a white linen napkin, or by a white linen-covered card over the cup, or by metal tray lids. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. UMH 594, 597, and 602 may also be used for this purpose. Africa World, 2011. SELECTION OF HYMNS FOR SUNDAY CHURCH SERVICE IN THE 40 ISSN: 2052-6350(Print) ISSN: 2052-6369(Online) METHODIST CHURCH GHANA: AN EVALUATION Daniel S. Ocran Department of Music Methodist University College Ghana, Dansoman Accra ABSTRACT: Methodism was born in song is an opening statement in the preface of the Methodist Hymn Book. [15], The Methodist Revival was a movement held by the Methodist Church Britain to reach citizens who felt neglected by the Church of England. Bartels, Francis Lodowic. If neither the pastor nor any other ordained person is present, a Love Feast (see 581-83) rather than Holy Communion should be celebrated. This group not only spread the charismatic movement throughout the mainline Protestant Methodist church in Ghana's cities, but also to smaller churches in villages. See the listings under Closing Hymns (UMH 939), Discipleship and Service (UMH 940), and Doxology (UMH 951) and the listing of doxologies above. Other possibilities for an act of praise at this point include a hymn, hymn stanza, chorus, doxology, or a spoken litany of praise. It adopted an episcopal structure at the Koforidua Conference in August 1999. endobj Find events hosted by churches in your area by using Find-A-Church. hbbZ8fKZ _& ;QGqGP:J6MsApV7o*D`Hj61L 1 1218. Valedictory Service in Honor of Most Rev. See also the Hymns of Repentance and Hymns of Pardon (UMH 351-67). Dec 20, 2022 ACCRA DIOCESAN SINGING. Amen. Welcome to Church Finder - the best way to find Christian churches in Walled Lake MI. 3) They may be returned to the earth; that is, the bread may be buried or scattered on the ground, and the wine may be reverently poured out upon the ground--a biblical gesture of worship (2 Samuel 23:16) and an ecological symbol today. After expanding the property and adding medically trained professionals, on September 24, 1988 the hospital opened to the public. To see . Bulletin of the Hymn Society of Great Britain, Nos 272 & 273, Volume 20, Martin J.M. Sixth, to promote hard work and strengthen the student's connection to their African background. In the fourth and last action of Holy Communion, the bread and cup are given to the people as Jesus gave them to the disciples. The Pentecostal body is both restrained and expressive, distrusted and celebrated. By using our site, you agree to our collection of information through the use of cookies. Used by permission. [8] Currently, The Methodist Church Ghana has 15 dioceses[9] headed by bishops. I am delighted to introduce these resources and that the Methodist Church is now a formal partner in Thy Kingdom Come, a global and ecumenical call to prayer. This is now a prominent health center in Ghana. An anthem based on the psalm is also appropriate. AN ORDER OF SUNDAY WORSHIP USING THE BASIC PATTERN. F.L.Bartels. Search for '236' Forty days and forty nights (StF 236) Forty days and forty nights. [14], As part of the charismatic movement, clergy and congregants have incorporated more in-church prayer. FEB 22, 2023; DANSOMAN . The following hymns and stanzas in UMH are suggested: Whether or not Holy Communion has been celebrated, the service concludes with a series of acts in which the congregation stands and is sent forth to active ministry in the world. Staff is centered in Nashville, Tennessee, but we also have staff at locations across the United States. This and other hymns and songs in the service may be related to the joy of the Lord's Day, or to the day or season in the Christian year. xyRW1! `+r% O0]@t|JnU%t@%7 ,ljkO(+P>;cd6ZFh/fuT appointed jointly by British Methodist Church, and the Methodist Church Ghana in consultation with the CMC of the Fellowship. The structure of worship on Sundays can vary from church to church. Full story ACCRA DIOCESE DEDICATES. 3 0 obj For instance, during an election for the presidency of the denomination in the 1980s, people were vouching for their own ethnic president and a conflict of interest between some ethnic groups occurred. The congregation's participation in the prayer is expressed by the unison sung or spoken Amen at the end of the prayer. The sequence of readings may be ordered so that the sermon is immediately preceded by the primary text to be preached. The liturgy was then revised in 2000. .|3q(nY3X+KCx-GZ 1._U(vBFsff.i'Q{BpKzF_xf-&h-fm@_2Cyp R,:d'Gwp.qq`5M BONP0B?]gp> P- 6{`>'-$@M.9}em Sung Amens are found in UMH 897-904. This church uses a combination of westernized medicine with spiritual healing. Each reading may be introduced as follows: "A reading from (or Hear the Word of God in) the book of --------, the ---- chapter, beginning with the ---- verse." A large cup, commonly called the chalice, is also a symbol of unity in Christ. See also in UMBOW: Call to Prayer (Hymn 196); Jesus, We Are Praying (Hymn 192); Where Two or Three Are Gathered (Hymn 202). However, we continue to have leadership offices, meeting rooms, and The Upper Room Chapel at 1908 Grand Avenue, in Nashville. Another problem became the struggle for power between the people's democratic control and the hierarchical control of the church. The Roots of Ghana Methodism. See A Service of Word and Table V on UMBOW 51-53. All Rights Reserved, Terms of Use Privacy Policy Cookie Policy, 62 All Creatures of Our God and King (last stanza), 91 Canticle of Praise to God (last stanza), 682 All Praise to Thee, My God, This Night (last stanza, sung as canon), 61 Come, Thou Almighty King (last stanza), 94 Praise God, from Whom All Blessings Flow, 95 Praise God, from Whom All Blessings Flow, 79 Holy God, We Praise Thy Name (last stanza), 160 Rejoice, Ye Pure in Heart (last stanza), 102 Now Thank We All Our God (last stanza), 727 O What Their Joy and Glory Must Be (last stanza sung by choir), 184 Of the Father's Love Begotten (last stanza), 596 Blessed Jesus, at Thy Word (stanza 1), 317 O Sons and Daughters, Let Us Sing (stanza 1), 184 Of the Father's Love Begotten (stanza 2), 630 "Alleluia!" The people come together in the Lord's name. These are called Taboos. Parallel with such developments in the officially authorised patterns of worship there have been changes in the style of the preaching service and Ebenezer Obadare (2016) The Muslim response to the Pentecostal surge in Nigeria: Prayer and the rise of charismatic Islam, Journal of Religious and Political Practice, 2:1,75-91. After tracing the roots of Pentecostal music and its developments up to the present, this study investigates the production and experience of contemporary worship in Evangel Temple Christian Center, an Assemblies of God congregation in Springfield, Missouri. These have been proliferating across the West Africa sub-region since the late 1970s. Wesley House: E252/2 Liberia Road, P.O.BOX 403, ACCRA GHANA, W/A Phone : (233-0302) 670355 Email : info@methodistchurch.org.gh. If individual wafers or cubes of bread are used, one of the wafers (preferably a larger wafer) or a large piece of the bread from which the cubes have been cut should be broken. &^`]u]])*7P`>G2P3Gu0;NX&>dg" \aqGgI hLGhiy %Zp qP?6V ,1ctMUOz__UN These services are where the Bible is read, sermons are given, and offerings are donated to the church. except during Lent (see UMH 78, 186, 486, and the other alleluias suggested under "Acclamations" on 19) and remain standing for the reading of the Gospel as an act of respect for the Christ who is addressing us. [16] Because many Ghanaian churches also serve as a local school, The Methodist Church Ghana incorporated this movement for the locals and used this opportunity to educate students about its religion and taught any citizen, young or old to read and write. (November 2016) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) The Revised Common Lectionary ( RCL) is a lectionary of readings or pericopes from the Bible for use in Christian worship, making provision for the liturgical year with its pattern of observances of festivals and seasons. This new form of Christianity was a faster paced, more vibrant, and more kinetic form of Christianity. This is an expression of the Methodist Church's commitment to personal and social holiness and to paying attention to God. {|!LFK6Ju%/g*.,PBdhLT3 Q Qb"g@;TIx[9!V:R[\XKE$'X*$t:WTT,Uje$" +5+DG$Y d yu The numbers show over five-hundred people a day in attendance at some congregations. x=ko9?Af&In~%[-ie+Y/". Evangel Temple is balanced carefully between processes of formalization and charismatic praxis, and due to its implementation of a range of sacred music genres, it caters to all age groups and retains vitality and vibrancy. Methodist Liturgy. It may be prayed in unison or led by one person. 2) They may be reverently consumed by the pastor and others while the table is being set in order or following the service. With this idea came the Methodist Prayer and Renewal Program (MPRP), a group dedicated to making certain that the charismatic methods touched every area of the church. Rehearsal of unfamiliar hymns and other congregational music and acts of worship may be included. T. B. Freeman, another missionary, took the Christian message beyond Cape Coast to the Ashanti Empire, to Nigeria, and to other parts of the region to become the father of Methodism in West Africa.[6]. We have no tradition of refusing any who present themselves desiring to receive. Wesley House: E252/2 Liberia Road, P.O.BOX 403, ACCRA GHANA, W/A Phone : (233-0302) 670355 Email : info@methodistchurch.org.gh. The Methodist Church Ghana is responsible for a large part of its community's outreach. See UMH 735-862 and the lectionary for suggested psalms on UMBOW 227-37. Feb 6, 2023 NO IDOL CAN. Historically, music was not considered essential for congregational Christian worship. <>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> For this reason, it should be given from the front, not the back, of the sanctuary. Methodist Church: 1944: Book of Worship : 1957: Wesley Orders of Common Prayer : 1960: Book of Worship for trial use: 1964: Book of Worship and Hymnal with two . They claimed or argued strongly that in the light of the more objective or scientific study of religions, ATR can no longer be justifiably characterized as stupid, since the worshippers do not worship the said material objects per se, but the Spirit of the Creator reflected in them. BIML offers thousands of Bibles and New Testaments, over twenty thousand world CDs and DVDs, and rare collectabel items. Organ or other instrumental or vocal music is part of the worship service, an offering by the musician(s) to God on behalf of the entire congregation, and not a mere prelude to the worship service. Sixty Years of Autonomous Ghanaian Methodism (1961-2021): The Methodist Church Ghana and the Inculturation of Christianity Authors: Isaac Boaheng Methodist Church Ghana Abstract One of. It is addressed to the people, not to God, and the pastor and people appropriately look at each other as it is given. This new movement has added a homelike and curative aspect through these consistent meetings. Like many other mainline Protestant churches, the church provides formal education through schooling for Ghanaians. Because in the reading of the four Gospels we are addressed by the words of Christ and experience this as an encounter with the living Christ, many Christians prefer to stand and greet Christ with an Alleluia! Indeed, the musical activities of many Ghanaian migrants can be seen as a way of coping with everyday life in the German context, where due to linguistic barriers, the majority of Ghanaian migrants find employment only in the low-salary sector. Download the PowerPoint presentation (Pptx). If announcements and welcoming are not placed in the Gathering, they may follow the Opening Prayers and Praise. This page features liturgies, produced by the Worship and Liturgy Resources Group of the Faith and Order Committee, which have been produced since the Methodist Worship Book was published. 5) A doxology or other musical response (see listings under Doxology and Offering in UMH 951-52 and above), especially the following in UMH : See also in UMBOW:Offertory Hymn: For the Gift of Creation (Hymn 179). WTV; GHAMSU; Minister's Diary; Evangelism; Book Store; Freeman Center; AlPha Royal; Recent News. "The History of the Methodist Church Ghana." Many Sunday schools used Fante-Akan as the primary language for service, so Ga people had to accommodate themselves to Fante preferences. The growth of Christianity in Ghana has led to the proliferation of liturgical changes leading to conflict of religious ideologies within the traditional (orthodox) and the modern (charismatic) churches. It is also an opportunity to help the Christian churches in the Akan and Ewe ethnic groups from which l come from, to see it as their duty to find means and ways to evangelise our fathers, mothers, brothers, sisters, uncles, aunts and children who are still under the African Traditional practices. The congregation may sing hymns while the bread and cup are given. In the 1980s there was a conflict between two ethnic groups, as a Fante native and a Ga native debated which of these two ethnic groups should control the conference's presidency. All who intend to lead a Christian life, together with their children, are invited to receive the bread and cup. Seventh, to spread Christianity and endorse the giving of the student's life to God. This forms a bridge between the first of the pair of actions in Holy Communion (Thanksgiving) and the second (Communion). Its placement immediately before the Offering recalls Matthew 5:23-24. The earlier stanzas of some hymns may be sung while the people are being served, the final stanza(s) being sung after the people have been served (as indicated below). 4) Pastoral prayer, in which the pastor composes and offers a prayer gathering up the concerns of the church and of the world. Challenges like these have led to dismissals and resignations of ministers, and even the creation of new churches and circuits. These musicians mostly discovered their talent and call for Gospel music in their migratory situation and do not normally have any previous musical training. THE LORD'S PRAYERAll pray the Lord's Prayer, using one of the forms in UMH 270-71, 894-96. Why/why not? The typical first responses of denominational officials and liberal "Be UMC" leaders has been to falsely accuse those raising concerns about Unitarian influences among United Methodists of "spreading misinformation.". Edusa-Eyison, Joseph MY. Suitable sung litany responses in UMH include: See also in UMBOW:Lord, Deliver Us (Hymn 195)May This Mind Be in Us (Hymn 189 and Hymn 191)Seor, Apiadate de Nosotros (Hymn 188)O Lamb of God (Hymn 201). If you are looking for a church JOIN FOR FREE to find the right church for you. It traces its roots back to the landing of the Rev. Many times the ethnic-bias issue was exposed, and other times the underlying thought served as a basis for other arguments. Methodists and their Missionary Societies 1760-1900 - John Pritchard 2016-04-22 . At this time, many religious churches were competing for African locals as congregation members, and the adoption of charismatic Christianity was a major distinction between churches. 2 0 obj Flolu, James. The Greeting may be a scripture sentence, such as: This is the day which the Lord has made;let us rejoice and be glad in it. Any or all of the people may receive them while standing, kneeling, or seated. These influences give the contemporary Gospel music scene new impulses which are crucial for its future development. If an altar table is fixed against the wall, the pastor may stand beside it, or a freestanding Lord's table may be placed in front of it. 7.0: CHAPLAINCY SUPPORT GROUP: . This shifted the Gold Coast towards British control, subjecting the current citizens to British influence. Other Links. Praying seated and bowed is acceptable, especially if the alternative is for persons to be kept standing or kneeling for an uncomfortable length of time. The former looks at the liturgy in retrospect whereas the latter dwells on the changes culminating different beliefs as a result of the different movements in the Christendom in Ghana. See the discussion of confession and pardon on 20-21 for an explanation of this act of worship, with musical suggestions. (PSALM 118:24). This order is also the basis of the Services of Word and Table and other services in this book. See also the hymns listed under Opening Prayer in UMH 951. Our workforce began working from home permanently in 2020. What is done with the remaining bread and wine should express our stewardship of God's gifts and our respect for the holy purpose they have served. Two or three scripture readings should be used. [citation needed], Most charismatic meetings were promoted through media advertisements, breaking news reports, the creation of artistic banners, guest shout outs and advertisements on radio stations, the handing out of flyers and pamphlets, and most effectively through word of mouth. Specific and concrete stories and narratives are especially encouraged. The Methodist Church Ghana separates itself from the mainline Methodist Church of Great Britain in approach through the addition of Charismatic elements to the worship services. Ghana Methodist Order Of Service Pdf . A hymn that is a call to praise may be sung. Lectionary - The Methodist Church www.methodist.org.uk Lectionary. Any of these may immediately precede an opening hymn of praise. Each of these prayers may be followed by a common response, such as Lord, hear our prayer, spoken or sung by all, or one of the following from UMH : 2) A litany of intercession and petition (see UMBOW 495). So that the people may know when to sing or speak their Amen, the pastor may regularly end the prayer with words such as, "through (in the name of ) Jesus Christ our Lord.". The Methodist Church Registered Charity no. pJ_]&3+n `d[CvdZq nn=agk _P Prior to the prayers, prayer concerns or requests may be gathered from the congregation orally or in writing. The church has faced congregation-dividing problems.
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