Unsworth, C.A. Applying concepts of validity to your own practice. An observational assessment that allows for the simultaneous evaluation of motor and process skills and their effect on the ability of an individual to perform complex or or instrumental and personal activities of daily living (ADL). A clear conceptualisation of QOL that incorporates occupational therapy values such as client-centredness and holism is needed to advocate for the profession's role in health care and to encourage the development of suitable outcome measures. Epub 2017 Sep 22. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 79(3), 167-174. https://doi.org/10.2182/cjot.2012.79.3.6, Gantschnig, B.E., Page, J., & Fisher, A.G. (2012). Levels of evidence and grades of recommendations. Strokespecific executive function assessment: A literature review of performancebased tools. To avoid variations in care and show the value of therapy services, ensure your rehabilitation therapists are using standardized outcome measures . By not using standardized outcome measurement tools, the value and benefits of OT services, such as ADL and IADL training, patient and caregiver education, and training to use adapted equipment/assistive devices is anecdotal at best. Further research is needed to identify or develop outcome measures suited for use by OTs in acute inpatient hospital settings. The nature of human occupation and occupational performance. Purpose. Conclusions: Occupational Therapy International, 15(4), 253-268. doi: 10.1002/oti.258, Kizony, R. & Katz, N. (2002). Communication, insight and capacity issues. The use of the ICF framework in an allied health outcome measure:Australian Therapy Outcome Measures (AusTOMs). doi:10.1177/153944920202200205, Marom, B., Jarus, T. & Josman, N. (2006). The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 48(9)775-780. doi:10.5014/ajot.48.9.775, Poulin, V., KornerBitensky, N., & Dawson, D. R. (2013). Hongwu Wang, PhD1,2; Cyndy Robinson, OTD, OT/L, FAOTA1; Jessica Tsotsoros, PhD, OTR/L, ATP1, 1Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 2Harold Hamm Diabetic Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center. Mobility and function are central factors in discharge decision making for OT. AM-PAC "6-Clicks" functional assessment scores predict acute care hospital discharge destination. 496Pages, Request permission to reuse content from this site. The results on their utility from this study were mixed but the general consensus was that although quick and easy to administer, the selected outcome measures did not help with discharge decision making or discharge planning. Phase I = Administration Preparation; Phase II = Occupational therapy interview; Phase III = Observe and implement a performance analysis; Phase IV = Score the AMPS observation, After AMPS administration, the clinician interprets AMPS reports to define and interpret reasons for the person's ineffective ADL performance. Based on the current literature, there is significant variability in the use of standardized tools to measure OT outcomes at the time of discharge from the acute inpatient hospital. For consideration, courses: Must be completed by June 15 and transcripts submitted on or before June 30 prior to matriculation. Labels used for providers and recipients of therapy services. *Scores higher than .9 may indicate redundancy in the scale questions. Cross-regional validation of the school version of the Assessment of Motor and Process Skills. The assessment of process and motor skills of persons with psychiatric disorders. Unsworth, C.A., Bearup, A., & Rickard, K. (2009). The first aim of this review was achieved by completing a systematic search strategy. This is a dummy description. The AMPS is designed to examine interplay between the person, the ADL task and the environment. 3. adjustments can be graded (harder or easier) Measures that assess the proxy (e.g. Philanthropic support truly drives our mission and vision. Physical & Occupational Therapy in Geriatrics, 24(4), 3350. Must be earned at a "C" or above. New Zealand Journal of Occupational Therapy, 55(2), 11-18. The requirement to demonstrate effectiveness. The Assessment of Motor and Process Skills Applied Cross Culturally to the Japanese. The aim of this study was to identify the outcome measures used by OTs in acute inpatient hospital settings and to explore factors that impact the use of outcome measures. Developing a short form of the Berg Balance Scale for people with stroke. 4308 . Does a short period of rehabilitation in the home setting facilitate functioning after stroke? Bachelor's or Master's degree from a regionally accredited institution. observation, interview, standardised testing) and sources (e.g. Unsworth, C.A., & Duncombe, D. (2005b). Outcome measures can be used to. The 16 ADL motor skill items are divided into 4 domains (Body Position, Obtaining and Holding Objects, Moving Self and Objects, Sustaining Performance). an intervention. Older adults were defined as being 70 years or older to reflect the increase in life expectancy in western countries [ 15 ]. IntroductionMonomorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT) is a life-threatening condition often observed in patients with structural heart disease. Design . Aldrich, R. M. (2011). A benchmark comparison of outcomes for clients with upper limb dysfunction following stroke using the Australian Therapy Outcome Measures for Occupational Therapy (AusTOMs-OT). 2017 May 30;17(1):375. doi: 10.1186/s12913-017-2311-3. Physiotherapists' perceptions of and experiences with the discharge planning process in acute-care general internal medicine units in Ontario. In all six acute settings, OT students provided activities of daily living (ADL) training (bathing/showering, toileting and toilet hygiene, dressing, functional mobility, personal hygiene and grooming). However, despite the interest expressed by OTs at different acute care hospitals and in literature, acute care therapists are not using them but rather relying on skilled observation. Implementation of evidence-based practice. Characteristics of therapeutic alliance in musculoskeletal physiotherapy and occupational therapy practice: a scoping review of the literature. Arksey, H. & O'Malley, L. (2005). Individual treatment sessions with the physiotherapist. An official website of the United States government. Case Study: Mary, by David Jelly and Alison Laver Fawcett. Disability and Rehabilitation, 37(11), 997-1003. Limitless? Summary of the results other team members assessments. Rehabilitation of anterior pituitary dysfunction combined with extrapontine myelinolysis: A case report. VAT Reg. Work, 37(1), 53-64. doi:10.3233/WOR-2010-1056, Kang, D.H., Yoo, E.Y., Chung, B.I., Jing, M.E., Chang, K.Y., Jeon, H.S. (1996). Scand J Occup Ther. Occup Ther Int. March 2013 We will continue collecting the outcome tools data in future so we not only can see which tools are being used but also assess the appropriateness of the tools based on the measures. International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation, 12(8), 340-346. All rights reserved. United Kingdom, Canada, New Zealand, Singapore, Sweden). Therapists select from 12 function-focused scales that match client goals as follows: 1. al, 2002; n = 42; Age Range 5 7; Kindergarten students from five public schools), Children with No Known Disabilities: (Peny-Dahlstrand, Gosman-Hedstrom & Krumlinde-Sundholm, 2010), Developmental Delays (Kang et al., 2008; n = 33; Mean Age = 6.1 (1.9) years; Korean sample), Children With or Without Mild Disabilities: (Gantschnig, Page, Nilsson & Fisher, 2013; n = 10,998; Mean Age = 8.7 (3.2) years; Sample selected from the international AMPS database), Excellent significance between two groups in mean ADL process ability measures (p < .001, t = -4.296), Children with No Known Disabilities (Poulson, 1996; n = 162), Goodness of fit; 90% to AMPS-M, 95% to AMPS-P, Children With or Without Mild Disabilities: (Gantschnig, Page, Nilsson & Fisher, 2013), Big Change (Cohens d = 0.81 to 0.98) for 12-15 year olds in ADL motor ability, Big Change (Cohens d = 0.83 to 1.26) for 6-15 year olds in ADL process ability, Children with No Known Disabilities: (Peny-Dahlstrand, Gosman-Hedstrom & Krumlinde-Sundholm, 2012; n = 4613; Age Range 3-15 years; Subset of the AMPS Project International Database, North American (n = 2239) and Nordic (n = 2374) children ), Community Dwelling Adults (Merritt, 2011; n = 38,540, Randomly-selected subset of AMPS Project International database), Mixed Population: (Gantschnig, Page & Fisher, 2012; n = 145489; Mean Age = 54.06 (24.43) years; Sample from the international AMPS database), Mixed Population: (Fisher & Jones, 2012; n = 148158; Age Range = 3 - 103; Sample from international AMPS database), Community-Dwelling: (Goto, Fisher & Mayberry, 1996; n = 10; Mean Age = 28.9 (3.98) years; Mean time living in United States = 12.4 (8.8) months; Japanese sample living in the United States for less than 3 years), Community-Dwelling: (Fisher, Liu, Velozo & Pan, 1992; n = 20; Mean Age = 28.5 (3.32) years; Non-disabled Taiwanese sample living in United States for less than 3 years), Mixed Population: (Fisher & Jones, 2012), Community Dwelling Adults (Merritt, 2011), Mixed Population: (Gantschnig, Page & Fisher, 2012), Multiple Sclerosis: (Doble et al., 1994; n = 44Mean Age = 44.5 (12.3) years, Mean Duration of Self-Reported MS = 19.9 (12.4) years), Atchinson, B., Fisher, A. 2. no feedback given to client. British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 68(10), 477- 482. The outcome measures used by the students included: modified Functional Independence Measure (two settings), the Functional Independence Measure (one setting), the Boston University 6 click AM-PAC (one setting), the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (one setting), and self-reported goals by patients (one setting). Chapter 11:Implementing the optimum assessment and measurement approach (Alison Laver Fawcett, PhD, DipCOT). Review the fundamentals of balance control including outcome measurement specific to balance which can be integrated into occupational therapy practice. The average length of stay was 6.607.43 days. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Chapter 6: Validity and clinical utility (Alison Laver Fawcett, PhD, DipCOT). Cross-Cultural Validation of Health and Quality of Life Measures for Children in Hong Kong. Factors that impact the use of outcome measures include: challenges selecting the appropriate outcome measure; too time consuming for patients to complete and difficult to complete independently, short length of stay, limited time for therapists to complete the evaluation, fast-paced and dynamic environment (different floors, different teams/members), timing problems where patients undergoing tests/procedures were off the floor, and patients were medically unstable at the time of the attempted/scheduled evaluation. An Outcome Measure is the result of a test that is used to objectively determine the baseline function of a patient at the beginning of treatment. The use of outcome measures within occupational therapy. Extracurricular and interpersonal life experiences. A review and critique of well-being in occupational therapy and occupational science. Examples of how therapists combine different assessment methods. More occupational therapy practitioners are using standardized assessments than previous noted in research. Test-retest reliability of the assessment of motor and process skills in elderly adults. Timing of assessment in the therapy process. (2005a). A Young Scientist's Journey after a Stroke, Care by the Numbers: Skilled Nursing versus Inpatient Rehabilitation, WSJ: Recognizing Aphasia and Seeking Treatment, Shirley Ryan AbilityLab Ranked No. Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 6(3), 111-118. doi:10.1080/110381299443690, Haslam, J., Pepin, G., Bourbonnais, R., & Grignon, S. (2010). This scoping review explored the definitions and measures used within occupational therapy quantitative intervention research to evaluate QOL as an outcome. Carols Individual Treatment Plans: Occupational Therapy. 1-844-355-ABLE. This textbook on assessment and outcome measurement is written for both occupational therapy and physiotherapy students and qualified therapists. To be considered relevant, difference should exceed + 1.96 SEM. 1-844-355-ABLE. ). Students recorded a range of individual characteristics (e.g., age, gender, race, educational level, and diagnosis) and length of stay into an Excel database. Jette, D. U., Grover, L., & Keck, C. P. (2003). Measuring the outcome of occupational therapy: Tools and resources. Only three settings documented both baseline and discharge outcome measurement data. In order to measure change, the assessment has to be standardised: developed through research. If practices, score must be cautiously interpreted, If client has never learned how to perform ADL task, there is a chance to learn and practice the ADL task before AMPS is completed, AMPS score forms are available in English, German, Spanish, French, Dutch, and Slovenian, Process scores below the 1.0 log-odd probability units (logit) scale indicate poorer process functioning, Motor scores below the 2.0 log-odd probability units (logit) scale indicate poorer motor functioning. demonstrate change (if any) resulting from. A Young Scientist's Journey after a Stroke, Care by the Numbers: Skilled Nursing versus Inpatient Rehabilitation, WSJ: Recognizing Aphasia and Seeking Treatment, Shirley Ryan AbilityLab Ranked No. Physical Therapy, 83(3), 224-236. Scott (2006) also studied Scale 7. The short time period and the novice skills of our students may have influenced the quality of data collected. Main Outcome Measures: Not applicable. Self-Care and Scale 5 (Transfers) with 7 OTs rating 6 or 3 cases (respectively) with a range of conditions including: spinal cord injury, amputation, schizophrenia, hip replacement, muscle disease, and cancer. In this study, we retrospectively examined and analyzed datasets from occupational therapy students level two fieldwork experiences. Unsworth, C.A. No age group had differences in logits for ADL motor ability larger than 1.96 SEM (+ 0.49), No significant difference between regions, Process scores below the 1.0 logit scale indicate higher need for assistance (sensitivity = .81, specificity = .7), Motor scores below the 1.5 logit scale indicate higher need for assistance (sensitivity = - .67, specificity = .72), Extensive literature review; filming and observation of wide range of ADL tasks; Rasch model, Acceptable goodness-of-fit of tasks, skill items and participants, Only one ADL item, Aligns, demonstrated differential item functioning (DIF), but did not result in differential test functioning (DTF), AMPS is free of cross-regional bias when used in middle Europe. Prerequisite course work. The AusTOMs-OT is a measure ofglobal functional outcomes for clients of all ages, all diagnoses and in all settings. Cross-regional validity of the assessment of motor and process skills for use in middle europe. Conclusion: achieving an effective and efficient assessment. 1347374). By not using standardized outcome measurement tools, the value and benefits of OT services such as ADL and IADL training, patient and caregiver education, and training to use adapted equipment/assistive devices is anecdotal at best. Further research is needed to identify common outcome measures suited for use by OTs in acute inpatient hospital settings. OTs need easy access to information about the clinical utility and psychometric qualities of various measures to help with the appropriate selection and clinical applicability of standardized outcome measurement tools to measure functional outcomes in acute inpatient hospital practice. Top-down versus bottom-up assessment approach. Albert, S., Castillo-Castaneda, C., Sano, M., Jacobs, D., Marder, K., Bell, K et al. London With the move towards Evidence Based Practice (EBP) in the health sciences . Download Product Flyer is to download PDF in new tab. We have reviewed nearly 300 instruments for use with a number of diagnoses including stroke, spinal cord injury and traumatic brain injury among several others. Validity of the AusTOM Scales:A comparison of the AusTOMs and EuroQol-5D. The OSA is an evaluation tool and outcome measure based on the Model of Human Occupation (Kielhofner, 2002). Scale 7. Even for the few standardized outcome tools used by the OT, often only parts of the tool were used. Clinical reasoning as an essential component of practice. In January 2017, MSN Money listed occupational therapy as one of the 25 best jobs in America right now. Administration instructions are detailed in the manual available on the website. (2015). Results: Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. volume 1: development, standardization, and administration manual, volume 1. La Trobe University, Melbourne. Experiences, academics and prerequisites that indicate a focus and intention of joining the field of occupational therapy. Principles of Assessment and Outcome Measurement for Occupational Therapists and Physiotherapists: Theory, Skills and Application | Wiley This textbook on assessment and outcome measurement is written for both occupational therapy and physiotherapy students and qualified therapists. However, our students were asked to use at least the outcome measures being used at the acute care hospitals they were at, and they worked closed with the OTs working there to make sure the data collected were accurate enough. Glassdoor ranked occupational therapy as 4th among the 50 best jobs in America in 2018. Five outcome measures were used by the students: modified Functional Independence Measure (two settings), the Functional Independence Measure (one setting), the Boston University 6 click AM-PAC (one setting), the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (one setting), and self-reported goals by patients (one setting). By not using standardized outcome measurement tools, the value and benefits of OT services such as ADL and IADL training, patient and caregiver education, and training to use adapted equipment/assistive devices is anecdotal at best. Further research is needed to identify common outcome measures suited for use by OTs in acute inpatient hospital settings. OTs need easy access to information about the clinical utility and psychometric qualities of various measures to help with the appropriate selection and clinical applicability of standardized tools to measure functional outcomes in acute inpatient hospital practice. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 78(12), 1309-1315. doi: 10.1016/S0003-9993(97)90302-6, Pan, A. (2008). It underpins all subsequent decisions including agreeing individualised goals and selecting appropriate interventions. Problem-orientated clinical reasoning process. doi: 10.5014/ajot.2011.000547, Munkholm, M., Berg, B., Lofgren, B. Chapter 10: The importance of clinical reasoning and reflective practice in effective assessment (Alison Laver Fawcett, PhD, DipCOT and Karen Innes, BSc OT, DMS, Cert Counselling). The Use of Standardised and Non-Standardised Assessments in a Social S. Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar. OTs have an interest in finding ways to increase accuracy in predicting discharge. Applying concepts of levels of measurement to your own practice. Validity of using the Assessment of Motor and Process Skills to estimate overall home safety in persons with psychiatric conditions. Using a semi-structured interview, the COPM is a five step process which measures individual, client-identified problem areas in daily function. Skeat, J., Perry, A., Morris, M., Unsworth, C., Duckett, S., Dodd, K., Taylor, N. (2003). There is no one standardized tool currently available that is comprehensive enough for the acute care setting. British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 68(8), 354- 366. VT-ART delivers focused, high-dose radiation, usually in a single fraction of 25 Gy, allowing . Outcome measures can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of our interventions and services by identifying whether change has occurred over time. Is COPM a Standardised assessment? Description of the therapy diagnosis / problem. Cultural issues and self-report data collection. The Occupational Therapy Doctorate program (OTD) is not available to international graduate students at this time. 8600 Rockville Pike In spite of the short length of hospitalization in the acute care setting, OT practitioners play an integral role and collaborate closely with other health care team professionals, such as case managers, nurses, physical therapists, speech-language pathologists, and physicians, to start a successful rehabilitation process (AOTA, 2017). Copyright 2000-2023 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., or related companies. & Bryze, K. (1998). They generate numerical data which can be Fisher, A. G. & Jones, K. B. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 8, 19-32. n= 289 patients with stroke, X age= 63.4 SD 12. The material used for this study was supported by Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Harold Hamm Diabetes Center at University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center. Can J Occup Ther. The particular challenges to occupational therapy (OT) practitioners working in acute care settings are a limited number of therapy visits and quick discharge. Medical Care Research and Review, 119. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation, 15(4), 351- 364. Doble, S.E., Fisk, J.D., & Rockwood, K. (1999). Parallel form reliability (equivalent or alternate form). Nova Southeastern University. eCollection 2022. Chou, C. Y., Chien, C. W., Hsueh, I.P., Sheu, C.F., Wang, C.H., & Hseih, C.L. A scope review paper found that OTs are often time poor and within a right time frame are unable to extend their services to provide full intervention and to use currently available outcome measures necessary for the patients (Britton, et al., 2015). Occupational therapy practice framework: Domain and process (4th ed. In all six settings, OT students provided ADL training (bathing/showering, toileting and toilet hygiene, dressing, functional mobility, personal hygiene and grooming). There is research suggesting this may be due to the outcome measurement tools being more time consuming than informal methods, or lack of familiarity of the OT with the standardized outcome measurement tools (Jette, et al., 2014; Robertson & Blaga, 2013; Smith-Gabai, 2016). What are 5 things about dynamic assessments? They acknowledged the benefits and necessity of a standardized tool but felt this would be difficult due to the medical acuity for acute care patients, the diversity of diagnoses, and the difficulty of finding outcome measures that encompass all aspects related to discharge. Arabic Translation undertaken by Awad, A. Reliability of the Australian Therapy Outcome Measures for Occupational Therapy (AusTOMs OT) Self-care scale. National Library of Medicine (2006). Toll-Free U.S. No significant correlation in comparison of the amount of change detected by each instrument. Aikat, R. & Gomes, O. (2014). International Psychogeriatric Association, 11(4), 399-409. The Need for Entrepreneurship in Sustainable Chemistry. The team uses this information to plan and implement occupation-based interventions, then reevaluate progress for enhanced ADL task performance. Standardised measures used in the service. Analysing your current assessment practice. Results: 33 candidate items, amendable to administration acutely after SCI, were developed for against gravity (X=13), gravity minimized (X=2), and gravity eliminated (X . Improving assessment and measurement practice: where to begin? Assessments form an integral component in the occupational therapy process. Scores in outcome measures. Your gift of Ability affects everythingwe do every day at Shirley Ryan AbilityLab from the highest-quality clinical care and groundbreaking research to community programs that improve quality of life. All 12 scales found to be responsive for each of the 4 domains of Impairment, Activity, Participation and Distress/ Well-being for n=466; Age range for the 354 adults X=62.910,SD 20.370 and for the 106 children X=10.36, SD 26.365) (age missing for 6 adults) (Chen, 2015). Smith-Gabai, H. (2016). Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 44(11), 1342-1347. Comparing the responsiveness of the Assessment of Motor and Process Skills and the Functional Independence Measure. Become an occupational therapist brochure, Tips for your occupational therapy application, Degree Level Apprenticeship in Occupational Therapy, Join World Federation of Occupational Therapists (WFOT), Tax relief and insurance for RCOT members, Senior leadership team and member get togethers, RCOT SS - Children, Young People and Families, Becoming an independent practitioner (member stories), RCOT SS - People with Learning Disabilities, RCOT SS - Trauma and Musculoskeletal Health, NHS issues advice for private practitioners wanting to return to work in the NHS, Preparing your child for returning to school, Practice placements crucial for sustaining the workforce supply pipeline, Recovering from COVID-19: Post-viral fatigue and conserving energy guides, Preparing for a return to school - how occupational therapists can help, RCOT supporting and safeguarding members returning to work during the pandemic, Scope of practice things to consider during COVID-19, Your health and wellbeing during the COVID-19 crisis, Joint call for Personal Protective Equipment for AHPs and Social Care, Financial support announced for self-employed, Emergency Bill to strengthen COVID-19 response plans becomes law, Government issues ethical framework for Adult Social Cares response to COVID 19, Inspire future occupational therapists: #ChooseOT, Professional practice enquiries service - FAQs, American Journal of Occupational Therapy (AJOT), Australian Occupational Therapy Journal (AOTJ), Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy (CJOT). A change of .5 to 1 point on any of the 4 domains of the AusTOMs-OT scale is considered clinically important. Seven articles included a definition of QOL. Philanthropic support truly drives our mission and vision. Other OT services included instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) (care of others/pets, health management and maintenance, meal preparation and clean up), formal/informal patient education, practice and simulation activities, preparatory tasks, exercises, rest and sleep, play, leisure and social participation, and assistive technology. OTs agree that they were unfamiliar with any standardized outcome measurement currently available that addressed the diversity of patients in acute care. Process of task performance as measured by the Assessment of Motor and Process Skills (AMPS): A predictor of work-related outcomes or adults with schizophrenia? This is a dummy description. In Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, ICF Australian user guide. Sze HLH, Fung CLB, Cheung PPP, Chim TYA, Lee MH, Law CCC, Lau WMB. Measuring outcomes using the Australian Therapy Outcome Measures for Occupational Therapy (AusTOMs - OT):Data description and tool sensitivity. La Trobe University, Melbourne. Clinical Rehabilitation, 20(12), 10381049. Eighteen publications met the inclusion criteria. This study addresses current gaps by first identifying standardised assessments used by occupational therapists with older adults to measure function and then appraising the measurement properties of each. These measures are often completed at the start of therapy to determine baseline function and then again, at the end of therapy to assess progress and determine treatment efficacy. The COPM is an outcome measure designed for use by occupational therapists to assess client outcomes in the areas of self-care, productivity and leisure. Disclaimer. Assessment and outcome measurement goals for effective practice. Self-Care with 7 OTs rating 15 client case studies with a range of conditions including: stroke, acquired brain injury, arthritis, spinal cord injury, amputation, schizophrenia, depression, dementia, Parkinsons Disease, burns and cerebral palsy.
Is There A 16 Parkside Lane San Francisco, Hcbb 9v9 Aimbot, Arizona Stadium Section 21, Starbucks Negative Equity, Pizza Restaurants In The 1980s, Articles N