Ford preferred instead to let his films speak for him, and the message was always masculine, determined, romantic, yes, but never soft -- and always, always totally "American." As he described it, "I found I was better at increasing my family than my fortune." In other instances, authors may well have invented stories on their own or may have adapted to Fink printed or oral tales originally told about others.". Marshal, although he did serve briefly as a deputy marshal during the KATY Railroad Strike of 1885. Although Courtright enjoyed a mixed reputation as a lawman who operated on both sides of right and wrong, he did earn a reputation for bringing peace to Fort Worth. Under these circumstances, occupying the public eye with Buffalo Bill would seem highly inadvisable. (Photo: All Wikimedia Commons, individual links below). Tom Doniphon: Liberty Valence's the toughest man south of the Picketwire - next to me. TimeWhen Fanny returned, she found Tom Bertram very ill.c. He also fulfilled many other roles in the city. Tom Doniphon: Can't a man have a drink in peace in this town! An advertisement dated October 6, 1878, in Fort Worth's Democrat listed the organization's mission as "discover[ing] swindlers and criminals and bring[ing] them to justice, wherever they may be concealed." Behind the camera? This is the West, sir. Unlike adverbs, adverbial clauses modify whole clauses rather than just a verb. The Buffalo Bill Museum and Grave in Golden, Colorado, has compiled a booklet of where the fabled performer toured. . Its often a virtual den of paparazzi with staff and others always standing by to tip the gossip press on the latest celeb sighting. In later years, when asked how many Indians he'd killed, he replied, according to "Daniel Boone: The Life and Legend of an American Pioneer" by John Mack Faragher, "I am very sorry to say that I ever killed any, for they have always been kinder to me than the whites. In both films, the real people are given Native American wives and children to both humanize (or spiritualize) them and give them a motivation for revenge. Seeing Billy Bob Thornton bring the Lonestar lawman back to life has been a treat for "Yellowstone" fans and Western history buffs alike., The Untold Truth Of Marshall Jim Courtright. Not only had the town turned out armed to save him from the Texas Rangers, but his funeral procession took up six blocks, the "largest the city had seen.". Why you'll be reading in no time. WebIn The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance, John Ford told the world when the legend becomes fact, print the legend.John Milius might have taken that to heart. A case in point is the story of Dr. Herman Webster Mudgett, who became infamous as H.H. But it got caught on his watch chain, providing an extra second for Short to act. The few real notches on Hickok's gun (one of them being his own deputy, shot by mistake) was inflated to 100 by the time the yellow press was done with him. Gathered in front of it? And that The good guys become indistinguishable from the bad guys, and we end up denigrating the very heroes who defend us. John Ford, a director whose name is synonymous with "Westerns." The Hilton where such events as the Pre-Oscar luncheon and Arnold Schwarzeneggers recent victory celebration are held would be among the last places you would choose. In April of 1867, she was sent to Fort Riley, Kansas, and soon after was again in the hospital, complaining of an itch, and was off duty until May. Ron Lewis has had a lifelong interest and love of both history and westerns. But there are always exceptions. "The Revenant" is a recent film dramatization of the life of frontier trapper Hugh Glass, starring Leonardo DiCaprio. Courtright had a reputation for an unmatched draw and deadly accuracy, but he may have underestimated Short. Why is it, indeed, that the conservative values that power our defense values like morality, faith, self-sacrifice and the nobility of fighting for the right only appear in fantasy or comic-inspired films like 300, Lord of the Rings, Narnia, Spiderman 3 and now The Dark Knight? The most famed photos of Courtright depict him with short hair but immortalized for eternity on his tombstone you'll find the nickname, "Jim Longhaired Courtright" (via Waymarking). But when he approached the White Elephant Saloon's co-owner Luke Short, he encountered pushback, per theLegends of America., In April 1907, Bat Masterson published an account of the altercation between Short and Courtright in "Human Life Magazine," recalling that "it appears that this fellow Courtright had asked Short to install him as a special officer in the White Elephant." Ironically, the gunfight between Courtright and Luke Short didn't even take place in Hell's Half Acre proper. Now I'll draw up the complaint and you can arrest him. Maxwell Scott: No, sir. Thats not a bat, actually. The westerns - The Searchers, She Wore A Yellow Ribbon, Wagon Master are unsurpassed but also the non-westerns like The Quiet Man and How PRINT THE LEGEND: The Life and Times of John Ford. If Edwards is indeed that dumb, we are certainly lucky he never became President. Early biographers like Father Stanley Crocchiola claimed the duo performed with Buffalo Bill out west in the early 1870s, per Richard F. Selcer's history "Hell's Half Acre: The Life and Legend of a Red-Light District." Short refused, telling Courtright that locals feared him and his presence would scare away business. He stayed in the wilderness, resumed trapping, and was in fact killed in an encounter with the Arikaras some years later. The Chase Law Group, LLC | 1447 York Road, Suite 505 | Lutherville, MD 21093 | (410) 790-4003, Easements and Related Real Property Agreements. He says that's one of the "Fundamental laws of democracy." What we can say is that Jane had an uncanny ability to be where western history was being made. These episodes ensured his reputation as a legendary frontier marshal, per the Legends of America. ", During his stint as marshal in Fort Worth, Courtright gained a reputation for gunning down many men. Ransom Stoddard: Jurisdiction. Richard F. Selcer notes in "Hell's Half Acre: The Life and Legend of a Red-Light District" that the Courtrights likely didn't tour with the "Wild West" in the early 1880s, either. Elvis Presley coined this phrase during his fat Elvis days. As people of his generation know, Elvis was wildly popular, even god-like to millions o "Printed stories as well as oral traditions contributed to Fink's fame," Half Horse Half Alligator notes. When a legend does, it is highly possible that the legend itself would be forgotten. He was shot in the back of the head during a card game in Deadwood, South Dakota, in 1876, holding what became the "dead man's hand" aces and eights. Liberty Valance: You lookin' for trouble, Doniphan? No stranger to controversy, Courtright had two criminal indictments against him while waging his third election campaign, according to DeArment. Grossetete and Elsinger both had legitimate land claims, and their deaths "made the American Valley infamous." ", To quote from John Ford's "The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance," "When the legend becomes fact, print the legend." There are thousands of places in Southern California more low key for such a meeting. ConcessionAlthough Mr Darcy disliked Mrs Bennet, he married Elizabeth.d. He met William Frederick Cody out West, and made him a household name with his much-reprinted from 1869: "Buffalo Bill, the King of the Border Men." As the argument heated up, Courtright and Short took it outside. This article is more than 10 years old. Certain parts of this website require Javascript to work. How to Recognize and Use Clauses in English Grammar, Dependent Clause: Definition and Examples, Definition and Examples of Reduced Adverb(ial) Clauses, Using Adverb Clauses with Time Expressions, Ph.D., Rhetoric and English, University of Georgia, M.A., Modern English and American Literature, University of Leicester, B.A., English, State University of New York, "The greatest thrill in the world is to end the game with a home run and watch everybody else walk off the field. Nonetheless, it focused public attention on cleaning up Fort Worth's infamous neighborhoods. If he's sober, bring him back. WebWhen the legend becomes fact, print the legend This quote is from a movie but Im inside as the professor didnt say which. He also hypothesizes that Logan's partners in the venture, John P. Casey and W.C. Moore, "had larger and darker plans for the imported gunmen than simply putting heat on cattle thieves.". (2020, August 26). When the legend becomes fact, print the legend. The next episode of Jim Courtright's life follows fast on the heels of his Civil War service and remains equally undocumented, perRobert K. DeArment in "Jim Courtright of Fort Worth: His Life and Legend." Tom Doniphon: You aimin' to help me find some? Tom Doniphon: Marshal! Crockett was "a suitable peg upon which almanac makers hang a host of anecdotes originally attributed to others," authors Walter Blair and Franklin J. Meine write, and so was Mike Fink. Kausfiles has obtained a copy of the email Times bloggers received from editor Tony Pierce.. He charged extortion money for keeping things on an even keel and business running as usual, and he found a clever way to do it. But that story stems more from a fanciful novel than from Johnston himself, who always swore it wasn't true (despite appearing in vaudeville shows recreating the liver eating). But historical records show Buffalo Bill remained on the East Coast until the late 1870s. David Blackmon is a Texas-based public policy analyst/consultant. The news wasnt that two people were having an affair at the Beverly Hilton; the real headline was that a carefully contrived myth was in danger of being exploded. As the first elected marshal, he had his work cut out for him policing Hell's Half Acre, the most notorious red-light district in Texas, according to the TSHA. Read the following quotes and excerpts for more examples of adverbial clauses. But when the National Enquirer threatened to introduce the legend to its opposite there was a hue and cry about their lack of professionalism, etc. Can autistic people be mean? Fuck yeah they can, especially if they dont know they are autistic. If I am in a bad mood, I become sensitive to ever In English grammar, an adverb clause is adependent clause that functions as an adverb within a sentence by indicating time, place, condition, contrast, concession, reason, purpose, or result. The listing of verdicts, settlements, and other case results is not a guarantee or prediction of the outcome of any other claims. Animals Have Fun and Act Silly in Award-Winning Photos. His life, what we know of it, is perfect for embroidery, embracing as it does the Revolutionary War, the glory days of the Mississippi River, and a career-ending stint as a scout among the trappers and mountain men of the Rockies. All Rights Reserved. One thing's for sure. "When the legend becomes fact, print the legend." "Adverb (Adverbial) Clause Definition and Examples." (Photo: http://johnlivereatingjohnston.com/ [Public domain]/Wikimedia Commons). He directed this last statement to John Fulford, a city police officer who came at the percussive sound of the shots. Ransom Stoddard: I'm waiting on Liberty Valance. 2023. According to DeArment's study of Courtright, the long haired legend comes from biographic details spun by Father Stanley Crocchiola and Eugene Cunningham. And just as matter and anti-matter have to be kept apart in order to prevent both from canceling each other out in a burst of energy, so did the Edwards and anti-Edwards need to remain separate in order for both to survive. What are we payin' you for? In his review of ''Print the Legend'' (Jan. 9), Richard Schickel misquotes both the author, Scott Eyman, and his subject, John Ford, when he asserts that the source of Link Appleyard: What he said is right. Those ink-stained wretchesand later "biographers"so obscured the actual facts of her life that it's difficult to form an accurate picture. The ad listed no address or owners' names. Because it cannot be otherwise, unless you are willing to disregard a memo from your editor and endure the ostracism of your friends. There were two Edwardses. Until February of 1867 she was stationed at Jefferson Barracks in Missouri, training and taking part in camp life. (Photo: C.E. The pair did meet, but Hickok thought she was obnoxious, and had only very limited dealings with her. When you are creating legend, fact becomes a secondary matter.Now, in this definitive look at the life and career of one of America's true cinematic giants, noted Peter Ericson: And a deep dish apple pie. Ford's nostalgia for the past is tempered by his stark approach, unusual for the visual poet of Stagecoach and The Searchers. Jim Courtright). New Yorkbased Beadle & Company published its first short book, "Malaeska: The Indian Wife of the White Hunter," in 1860, and its "Seth Jones" or "The Captives of the Frontier" (written by a 20-year-old schoolteacher who lived most of his life in New Jersey) sold 500,000 copies. Ransom Stoddard: Teach you to read? And if it varied from reality, what did it matter? Mike Fink was man followed by tall tales. Jim Miller explains this in more detail in the excerpt from An Introduction to English Syntax below. But later historians have found scant evidence to support this story. "The swift December dusk had come tumbling clownishly after its dull day, and. On the topic of fact versus fiction, his election date blows the Buffalo Bill "Wild West" claims out of the water. ", This rough-and-tumble image is contradicted by Laura Abbott Buck's 1872 book, "Daniel Boone: Pioneer of Kentucky," which notes, "Many suppose that he was a rough, coarse backwoodsman, almost as savage as the bears he pursued in the chase, or the Indians whose terrors he so perseveringly braved. This developmentdidn't ultimately deter him from the law enforcement/racketeering industry, though. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-adverbial-clause-1689190. They are traditionally classified according to their meaningfor example, adverbial clauses of reason, time, concession, manner or condition, as illustrated below.a. WebThe first legend is obviously false. You should consult with an attorney licensed to practice in your jurisdiction before relying upon any of the information presented here. Luckily, Crockett found his calling in public life. ), DeArment argues that the $10 a day the men supposedly received had to come from local ranchers rather than Logan and the other investors in the property. Web. When the popular image of Johnston is formed by Robert Redford in the title role of the 1972 film "Jeremiah Johnson," it's likely that we're going to be carried far from the gritty frontier. He pumped lead into Courtright's body, dropping the former marshal to the ground. Like W, Batman sometimes has to push the boundaries of civil rights to deal with an emergency, certain that he will re-establish those boundaries when the emergency is past. Hallie: Rance, did you mean what you said about bein' able to teach me to read? The first 1971's "Man in the Wilderness," starring Richard Harris and John Huston also grafts on some Native American mumbo jumbo. Tom Doniphon: Pompey, go find Doc Willoughby. Nordquist, Richard. What are you doin' out here? But historians have faced a dearth of historical evidence to support this claim. After walking a short distance, the men faced off in front of Ella Blackwell's Shooting Gallery. Jim Courtright soon returned to his protection racket, navigating a fine line between law enforcement and outlawry (via theLegacy of the West). ThoughtCo, Aug. 26, 2020, thoughtco.com/what-is-adverbial-clause-1689190. WebWhen the legend becomes fact, print the legend." Why should this be? WebWhen legend becomes fact, print the legend, the saying goes. Web"When the legend becomes fact, print the legend." 9 Likes, 0 Comments - Aurora (@citizenscreen) on Instagram: This is the West, sir. It's little wonder that "Yellowstone" has spawned two much-anticipated spinoffs, "1883" and "6666." Eudora Welty wrote about him, as did Carl Sandburg, and he also appears in Orson Scott Card's "The Tales of Alvin Maker.". High Pockets, Kaintuck I deputize you to help run this scum out of town! He also reveals the truth of Ford's turbulent relationship with actress Katharine Hepburn, recounts his stand for freedom of speech during the McCarthy witch-hunt -- including a confrontation with archconservative Cecil B. DeMille -- and discusses his disfiguring alcoholism as well as the heroism he displayed during World War II.Brilliant, stubborn, witty, rebellious, irascible, and contradictory, John Ford remains one of the enduring giants in what is arguably America's greatest contribution to art -- the Hollywood movie. Nobody objected to that. This line comes from director John Ford's film, The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance, but it also serves as an epigram for the WebWhen the legend becomes fact, print the legend." He would arrest a circular saw if necessary" (via Robert DeArment's "Jim Courtright of Fort Worth: His Life and Legend."). John Ford was probably one of the best directors out there. "In some instances, authors, one is sure, based their statements about oral traditions upon published claims rather than upon personal experiences. Fact and fiction have intermingled in a fairly alarming way. Williams's masquerade was not discovered until 1868, even after several hospitalizations. This is a quote from the western film The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance [ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Man_Who_Shot_Liberty_Valance ] (1962), d But he worried about the infamous cattle rustler conflicts for which New Mexico was gaining a national reputation. I certainly understand how this canard could be accepted as true, Perot was seen as cyphering votes from Bush, which One of my favorites, such an incredible cast. In fact, it was preceded in 1999 by Scott Eyman's Print the Legend: The Life and Times of John Ford (Simon & Schuster, $40 592p ), among others. When the legend becomes fact, print the legend) and virtually rides off in its own, counter-mythic direction with it. The two heavyweights, Wayne and Stewart, are good together, with Wayne the embodiment of rugged individualism and Stewart the idealistic prophet of the civilization that will eventually tame the Wild West. Ransom Stoddard: Then I'll teach you too, Nora. The westerns - The Searchers, She Wore A Yellow Ribbon, Wagon Master are unsurpassed but also the non-westerns like The Quiet Man and How Read full review, Author of an acclaimed biography of Ernst Lubitsch (1991) and a well-regarded history of the coming of the talkies (The Speed of Sound, 1996), Eyman takes on an even bigger piece of film history: the Read full review, Check out the new look and enjoy easier access to your favorite features, Reviews aren't verified, but Google checks for and removes fake content when it's identified, Scott Eyman was formerly the literary critic at. Cathay Williams's true story was not uncovered until 1868. Marshal as his tombstone epitaph suggests (via Waymarking). Open secrets are things everyone knows to be true (or false) when the opposite is publicly claimed. Chester Harding painted this portrait of Daniel Boone in 1820. It may be pertinent to point out the Enquirers offense wasnt entirely against the privacy of three people. For the most part, we make stuff up. "Born on a mountaintop in Tennessee/Greenest state in the land of the free/Raised in the woods so's he knew every tree/Killed him a bear when he was only three.". This line comes from director John Ford's film, The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance, but it also serves as an epigram for the The real problem with printing the legend is that we print the lie we are prepared to believe. Although the bear attack in the movie is fairly faithful to what happened to Glass in real life, the subplot involving Glass's Indian family (and semi-mystical encounters) is wholly grafted on. But Richard F. Selcer sets the record straight in "Hell's Half Acre: The Life and Legend of a Red-Light District." Another more recent example has been the public coverage of the Surge, condemned as doomed until it became convenient to advocate a precipitate withdrawal in the face of success; now the success of the Surge itself makes an arbitrary withdrawal viable because we cannot lose the war. Web"When the legend becomes fact, print the legend." The organization's clandestine nature stemmed from the fact he couldn't run the business and work as a city marshal simultaneously. Cathay Williams, who had been an Army cook, dressed herself as a man and enlisted as an African-American buffalo soldier on Nov. 15, 1866, telling the St. Louis recruitment officer that she was from Independence, Missouri. Hence, the legend has become fact. By clicking Accept All Cookies, you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, analyze site usage, and assist in our marketing efforts. Remarkably, he ran unopposed without even putting his name on the ballot and won. He allegedly taught her to be a sharpshooter, and the couple toured with Buffalo Bill's "Wild West" show with Wild Bill Hickok (via Shooting Times). An adverb clause begins with a subordinating conjunction such as if, when, because, or although and usually includes a subject and predicate. Drawing on more than a hundred interviews and research on three continents, Scott Eyman explains how a saloon-keeper's son from Maine helped to shape America's vision of itself, and how a man with only a high school education came to create a monumental body of work, including films that earned him six Academy Awards -- more than any filmmaker before or since. This is the West, sir. Meet 20 Kids Who Are Changing the World Right Now, 30 Sustainability Podcasts Worth a Listen, What Is Anthropocentrism? The historical record is scant, even his name, which is sometimes spelled "Micke Phinck." In the town's wide-open youth, two-fisted Westerner John Wayne and tenderfoot newcomer James Stewart clash over a woman (Vera Miles) but ultimately unite against the notorious outlaw Liberty Valance (Lee Marvin). In 1878, the secretive Texas Detective Bureau announced its opening, per DeArment. In other words, in the absence of fact, legend grows. After the Civil War ended, Jim Courtright supposedly stayed in the U.S. Army, serving as a scout alongside Wild Bill Hickok. His daring actions caught the attention of Commander John Alexander Logan of the 31st Illinois, who had Courtright transferred to his staff. --Robert Horton, https://www.quotes.net/movies/man_who_shot_liberty_valance_7182, Man Who Shot Liberty Valance Screenplay, https://www.quotes.net/movies/man_who_shot_liberty_valance_quotes_7182. Army [public domain]/Wikimedia Commons), Conway Meets the Modern Way: Woodsman Slapped With Code Violations, A Fairy Tale Castle Built From Construction Debris. Jason Tully: Nothing's too good for the man who shot Liberty Valance. In the context of the film, its a broader statement that the legend of the American West is stronger than its actual factual history. American id With a little massaging of the dates, some historians believe that Courtright and his wife performed with Buffalo Bill's fabled "Wild West" later. The 'liver-eating' part of his name is questionable. Courtright made his way back to Fort Worth, per the Texas State Historical Association (TSHA). And that made it easy for her to place herself at the center of events when she was really at the periphery. John Ford was probably one of the best directors out there. Short shot first, disabling Courtright's right hand by tearing off his thumb. When Novocain was invented in 1905, it replaced, believe it of not, cocaine. But there are problems with this assumption, too., Getting past the murkiest parts of Jim Courtright's life brings us to the verified tales from Fort Worth. Once again, stories are sketchy at best in solidly attributing the etymology of this phrase to any single source. Most sites that I turned to attri This When the Legend becomes Fact, Print the Legend Ron Lewis The title of his article comes from the film The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance. "When the legend becomes fact, print the legend." It seems pretty self-evident. Crises eventually pass. As Arthur Lee of the group Love once sang back in the 60s The news today will be the movies There, the legendary lawman did not distinguish himself as a thespian. Policing Fort Worth, Texas, required a fast draw and fearless character, according to "Jim Courtright of Fort Worth: His Life and Legend" by Robert K. DeArment.He had talent in both areas, killing without hesitation. When the Professor. Like Liam Neeson dealing with human traffickers, Jim Courtright had "a very particular set of skills" when it came to gunslingers and outlaws (via Rotten Tomatoes). One consisted of the legend whose image was carefully burnished in the press and the other was John Edwards the man, no better and no worse than most of us. Author of an acclaimed biography of Ernst Lubitsch (1991) and a well-regarded history of the coming of the talkies (The Speed of Sound, 1996), Eyman takes on an even bigger piece of film history: the Print the Legend: The Life and Times of John Ford, Biography & Autobiography / Entertainment & Performing Arts, Performing Arts / Film / Direction & Production. That's more than the code of a newspaperman in The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance; it's practically the operating credo of director John Ford, the most honored of American filmmakers. Their other key property is that they are adjuncts, since they are typically optional constituents in sentences. When the legend becomes fact, print the legend. He won the election by three votes in 1876. Copyright 2023 PJMedia.com/Salem Media. "All human beings should try to learn Ransom Stoddard: Why Liberty Valance; who else? (Timothy Isaiah Courtright) Detective Agency in 1884, according toRobert K. DeArment in "Jim Courtright of Fort Worth: His Life and Legend." ", Of course, it gets less literary than that. Correction: Searching for John Ford by Joseph McBride (Forecasts, Jan. 22) was misidentified as the first full-length biography of the filmmaker. The evidence is inconclusive. The title of his article comes from the film The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance. Please enable Javascript and reload the page. Probably because the National Enquirer reporter threatened to introduce two entities to each other which when brought into contact would produce mutual annihilation. It means that when a legend is commonly known as fact then it is too late to correct the misconception and all one can do is to repeat the legend, Apparently, Fort Worth's future city marshal had no qualms about showboating., Another colorful story associated with Jim Courtright is his marriage to Sarah Elizabeth Weeks in 1870, per the Texas State Historical Association (TSHA). The irony is that the John Edwards legend and all of its props were created by artful manipulation of the media. High Pockets: I'd say that's Liberty Valance there now; wouldn't you? Behind the camera? As the legendary Fort Worth lawman struggled to breathe, he exclaimed, "Ful, they've got me." Tasks also involved more dangerous pursuits, like flushing out cattle rustlers. Some also claim he served as a Deputy U.S. I would guess that Edwards, like many cheaters, wanted to be caught. Jason Tully: Nothing's too good for the man who shot Liberty Valance. "Seven or eight years ago his name was prominent in the border press, and if we could believe the half of what was written concerning his daring deeds, he must certainly have been one of the bravest and most scrupulous characters of those lawless times," the newspaper said. Did You Hear About the Eggnog Riot of 1826? Original Copyright DeArment quotes one of Courtright's first biographers, Father Stanley Crocchiola, writing, "The frontier has yet to produce a man as fast on the draw as Jim Courtright [He] was as fast as the twinkle of an eye when it came to drawing his six-shooters." Courtright reflexively attempted the "border shift" to get his firearm into his left hand, but Short outplayed him once more. The real "Jeremiah Johnson," whose name at birth may have been John Garrison (later changed to John Johnston), was a far less audience-friendly character who went by the nickname "Liver Eating" Johnston. And like another such film, last years 300, The Dark Knight is making a fortune depicting the values and necessities that the Bush administration cannot seem to articulate for beans. MannerHenry changed his plans as the mood took him.e. The moment filmmakers take on the problem of Islamic terrorism in realistic films, suddenly those values vanish. The Courtright-Short duel brought renewed attention to the lawlessness of Hell's Half Acre, sparking calls for reform, as reported by the TSHA. Very. ReasonBecause Marianne loved Willoughby, she refused to believe that he had deserted her.b. She was illiterate, so the "Cathay" became "Cathey" on the form, and that's the name she served under. This corrupts the public debate. Copyright 2023 Apple Inc. All rights reserved.
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